Single cross hybrids in which the exotic parent represents 50% of genotype, or hybrids backcrossed to the elite lines (BC1, BC2 25 and 12.5%, respectively) have been used as anther donors to develop new DH lines via anther culture. DH lines of exotic origin selected for high androgenic capacity, good adaptability to local climatic conditions and satisfactory agronomic characters were chosen as crossing partners to introduce microspore induction ability into the elite lines used in breeding. During the last few years an efficient, reproducible anther culture methodology has been elaborated in the Agricultural Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Martonvásár, Hungary. As most of the genotypes responsive to anther culture have been found in noncommercial maize germplasm, culturability must be transferred from responsive, exotic germplasm (mainly of Chinese origin) into elite types. Since the pioneer research of Chinese scientists (Kuo et al., 1978) intensive studies have been carried out to improve the culture conditions, leading to greater androgenic response and the construction of highly responsive maize stocks (Genovesi and Collins, 1982 Dieu and Beckert, 1986 Petolino and Jones, 1986). However, the successful application of anther culture techniques in maize breeding is largely dependent on the androgenic responses of the genotypes and on the frequency of induced or spontaneous genome doubling in plants of microspore origin. Anther culture could be a useful tool for creating maize inbred lines. Moreover, DH lines possessing high fertility and favourable agronomic characters can be utilized directly in heterosis breeding to produce new hybrids which satisfy market demands. By the use of DH-producing techniques various gene combinations can be fixed in homozygous form in a short time. The potential of doubled haploids (DH) in maize breeding has long been recognised.
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